Genetics, Genomics, and Epigenetic Study of Cancers
Understanding the genetic basis of cancer development, identifying the genes that contribute to tumorigenesis, and deciphering the mechanisms of their aberrant expression will contribute to our fundamental understanding of cancers and our ability to better detect and treat them. Using state-of-the-art genomic approaches, CCR members are engaged in discovery of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which contribute to tumorigenesis. Studies on allelic loss and epigenetic modification that leads to the inactivation of tumor suppressors, activation of oncogenes, and involvement of DNA repair genes in cancer are underway. These studies are expected to identify and validate the diagnostic usefulness of genes, epigenetic changes, and other molecular markers in cancer and to provide novel targets for therapy.

Cancer Cell Signaling
The complex communication networks governing the cellular activities are fundamental for normal cell functions. Dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways are thought to contribute to the transformation of host cells and eventually to tumor development. How cells react within their microenvironments is key to the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. Aberrant cell signaling contributes to cancer development. Therefore, understanding cell signaling will provide potential molecular targets for cancer therapeutics.

Inflammation and Cancer
Approximately 15% of cancers are associated with infectious agents and are, therefore, preventable. Both infection and inflammation may contribute to tumorigenesis. Some cancers with known viral etiology include liver cancer with Hepatitis B and C viruses, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphomas with Epstein-Barr virus, and cervical cancers with Human Papillomavirus. Viral oncogenes, viral chronic infections that induce cellular damage and tissue regeneration, and chronic inflammation all contribute to increased cell growth and turnover that may lead to tumor development. Bacterial infections such as H. pylori are associated with stomach cancers. Enhanced understanding of cancers of infectious etiology will increase our ability for early detection and targeted treatment or prevention. Many of the cancers of special interest in Hong Kong are associated with viral infections and are being investigated by CCR members.

Cancer Imaging and Detection
Effective cancer imaging and detection via multiple imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans aid the clinician in more precise treatment planning for cancer patients. CCR members are actively developing and validating improved functional imaging in order to better delineate tumor margins and to understand the biochemistry and behavior of cancer cells in clinical and preclinical studies. Improved molecular-targeted contrast agents will enable more precise imaging of tumors and allow optimal treatment and monitoring of treatment responses and progression of disease. State-of-the-art imaging facilities are available in the core facilities that enable CRC members to study cytolocalization of cancer-related proteins of interest, co-localization of interacting proteins, and other aspects of study.

Molecular Targeted Therapies
Improved understanding of the molecular genetic basis for cancer and cell signaling networks provides the opportunity for targeted molecular therapy. Conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy approaches damage normal as well as cancer cells, with ensuing potentially serious side effects of the treatment. Development of targeted therapy is aimed at minimizing these possible side effects by only interfering with specific targeted molecules specific for the cancer cells. More personalized cancer treatments are expected to enhance patient survival and improve quality of life for the patients.